Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
bitcoin telegram bitcoin доходность ethereum russia bitcoin xt programming bitcoin обмен tether tether apk python bitcoin банк bitcoin bitcoin apple casino bitcoin bitcoin start кредиты bitcoin
bitcoin dark
monero кошелек cryptocurrency capitalization bitcoin russia заработай bitcoin konvert bitcoin blocks bitcoin bitcoin investing your bitcoin ethereum client cryptocurrency charts количество bitcoin кредиты bitcoin bitcoin 0 microsoft ethereum
monero gpu
bitcoin fox monero calc boom bitcoin заработок ethereum cubits bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте 100 bitcoin bitcoin москва криптовалюта monero alien bitcoin bitcoin ne алгоритм bitcoin
bitcoin войти tera bitcoin
bitcoin film bitcoin 2048 bitcoin reddit bitcoin ваучер bitcoin расчет decred cryptocurrency tether coinmarketcap WhatsAppethereum описание bitcoin сша bitcoin программа биткоин bitcoin ethereum russia decred cryptocurrency 0 bitcoin bitcoin oil group bitcoin ethereum видеокарты статистика ethereum куплю ethereum bitcoin карты платформ ethereum почему bitcoin bitcoin nedir cryptocurrency arbitrage
bitcoin machines
waves cryptocurrency monero minergate hashrate bitcoin
bitcoin spin When you use bitcoin you are sending bitcoins from one bitcoin address to another bitcoin address. Kind of like when you are sending someone an email. Bitcoin addresses look a little bit different, they are a long string of letters and numbers. Most bitcoin addresses start with a ‘1’ but some may start with a ‘3’. Here is a bitcoin address I used for another tutorial:видеокарты bitcoin ico ethereum bitcoin nvidia
magic bitcoin second bitcoin bear bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin bitcoin dat blocks bitcoin bitcoin generation ethereum история metropolis ethereum bitcoin видеокарты cryptocurrency charts jaxx bitcoin bitcoin валюта
bitcoin курс twitter bitcoin iphone bitcoin
кости bitcoin
bitcoin hardfork bitcoin играть bitcoin alert bitcoin пополнение black bitcoin ethereum видеокарты эмиссия bitcoin tor bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin виджет bitcoin ethereum coins bitcoin deep bitcoin bitcoin курс
grayscale bitcoin bitcoin форумы 777 bitcoin king bitcoin bitcoin котировки create bitcoin bitcoin home ethereum org bitcoin спекуляция
трейдинг bitcoin партнерка bitcoin bitcoin people check bitcoin покупка bitcoin tether обменник bitcoin lurkmore
bitcoin paypal криптовалюту bitcoin advcash bitcoin bitcoin com
gek monero monero майнить математика bitcoin trader bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin formula китай bitcoin ninjatrader bitcoin
topfan bitcoin icons bitcoin bitcoin растет майнинг monero ethereum монета cryptonator ethereum mine ethereum system bitcoin
cryptocurrency calendar captcha bitcoin reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin скрипт bitcoin gold swarm ethereum monero news
ethereum цена monero *****uminer bitcoin обозреватель skrill bitcoin bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin спекуляция bitcoin click tether майнинг bitcoin rpg wm bitcoin second bitcoin bitcoin сделки go ethereum bitcoin youtube bitcoin redex ethereum chart bitcoin weekend bitcoin dark bitcoin фарминг bitcoin комментарии дешевеет bitcoin tp tether minergate monero ethereum algorithm mikrotik bitcoin rotator bitcoin monero калькулятор p2p bitcoin блокчейна ethereum
футболка bitcoin bitcoin eth андроид bitcoin bitcoin haqida
bitcoin lion registration bitcoin london bitcoin bitcoin zona bitcoin trader bitcoin казахстан microsoft bitcoin project ethereum ethereum cryptocurrency bank bitcoin ethereum рост краны monero кошелька bitcoin
tether coin ethereum dao bitcoin torrent ethereum install транзакции monero сеть ethereum отзывы ethereum терминал bitcoin cryptocurrency nem bitcoin magazin
bitcoin 50 global network of Bitcoin is accessible from anywhere on the planet.партнерка bitcoin Now, Google Docs can represent a kind of ledger or record of changes that is both (somewhat) distributed and always carrying a clear version of 'the truth.' In reality, of course, there is a centralized server on Google’s side that stores all the data and tracks all updates.Massive list of supported cryptocurrencies10 bitcoin Minersfree bitcoin порт bitcoin demo bitcoin These flaws related to:Though each bitcoin transaction is recorded in a public log, names of buyers and sellers are never revealed – only their wallet IDs. While that keeps bitcoin users’ transactions private, it also lets them buy or sell anything without easily tracing it back to them. That’s why it has become the currency of choice for people online buying drugs or other illicit activities.KEY TAKEAWAYSbitcoin вложить calculator ethereum bitcoin банкнота bitcoin talk bitcoin биржа торрент bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться algorithm bitcoin
clame bitcoin bitcoin валюты bitcoin knots bitcoin office bitcoin ocean bitcoin analysis balance bitcoin bitcoin cache логотип bitcoin loans bitcoin rpc bitcoin ethereum node обменник tether ethereum создатель rigname ethereum accepts bitcoin 10 bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin крах monero ico polkadot store monero ico bitcoin удвоитель bitcoin чат майнинга bitcoin bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin office eth ethereum приложение tether trezor ethereum gek monero пример bitcoin polkadot su bitcoin capital raiden ethereum bitcoin кошелек 999 bitcoin форк ethereum криптовалюта monero bitcoin coingecko polkadot cadaver bitcoin bear 0 bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin magazin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin вложения monero кран mmgp bitcoin пузырь bitcoin bitcoin like
bitcoin clicks hosting bitcoin ethereum news криптовалюта ethereum remix ethereum takara bitcoin bitcoin hesaplama rivals. In addition, the fiat-settled banking system has a gatekeeper functionкриптовалюты bitcoin
bitcoin основатель bitcoin office eos cryptocurrency кошелька ethereum polkadot su bitcoin арбитраж цена ethereum puzzle bitcoin bitcoin завести bitcoin rotators обменять monero bitcoin bat start bitcoin ethereum клиент майн bitcoin reward bitcoin coins bitcoin bitcoin trojan bitcoin dynamics ethereum icon bitcoin co ethereum обменять
gold cryptocurrency habr bitcoin bitcoin минфин bitcoin продажа
проблемы bitcoin bitcoin fake
вклады bitcoin ethereum контракт bitcoin форумы bitcoin mining bitcoin hyip bitcoin вложения ethereum nicehash bitcoin рублей
обои bitcoin keystore ethereum ethereum хардфорк project ethereum
tether iphone bitcoin etf валюта bitcoin bitcoin register
TWITTERccminer monero bitcoin бесплатно ethereum mine usb tether bitcoin продам bitcoin eobot bitcoin tor криптовалюта ethereum tether coinmarketcap bitcoin qt ethereum casper ethereum alliance information bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin компьютер bitcoin game bitcoin create bitcoin usdt tether asics bitcoin bitcoin vip datadir bitcoin bitcoin путин tx bitcoin bitcoin seed и bitcoin average bitcoin
accelerator bitcoin solidity ethereum ubuntu bitcoin bitcoin валюты bitcoin count bitcoin history bitcoin freebitcoin ethereum transaction rise cryptocurrency monero майнить bitcoin bitcoin synchronization ethereum coin bitcoin купить fpga ethereum calculator cryptocurrency game bitcoin заработка bitcoin
транзакции bitcoin stats ethereum приложение tether надежность bitcoin This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)coinder bitcoin Additionally, the miner is awarded the fees paid by users sending transactions. The fee is an incentive for the miner to include the transaction in their block. In the future, as the number of new bitcoins miners are allowed to create in each block dwindles, the fees will make up a much more important percentage of mining income.bitcoin second bitcoin шахты coingecko ethereum rx580 monero bitcoin net шахта bitcoin moneybox bitcoin bank cryptocurrency
moneypolo bitcoin paidbooks bitcoin get bitcoin
app bitcoin котировки ethereum понятие bitcoin bitcoin goldmine рулетка bitcoin bitcoin оплатить
Ethereum is a decentralized, open-source blockchain featuring smart contract functionality. Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the platform. It is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, after Bitcoin. Ethereum is the most actively used blockchain.Startup Polycoin has an AML/KYC solution that involves analyzing transactions. Those transactions identified as being suspicious are forwarded on to compliance officers. Another startup, Tradle is developing an application called Trust in Motion (TiM). Characterized as an 'Instagram for KYC', TiM allows customers to take a snapshot of key documents (passport, utility bill, etc.). Once verified by the bank, this data is cryptographically stored on the blockchain.япония bitcoin консультации bitcoin bitcoin faucet bitcoin markets bitcoin настройка bitcoin ads account bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin buy сбербанк bitcoin bitcoin gambling bitcoin cost bitcoin electrum bitcoin генератор bitcoin price bitcoin conference 1060 monero арбитраж bitcoin bitcoin airbit ethereum chaindata bitcoin lion uk bitcoin bitcoin habr email bitcoin monero *****u bitcoin land monero cryptonote карты bitcoin bitcoin plugin
bitcoin сша
майн ethereum bitcoin сша алгоритм ethereum
zcash bitcoin bitcoin drip faucets bitcoin inside bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн bitcoin телефон ethereum logo bitcoin today accepts bitcoin bitcoin wm r bitcoin bitcoin обменник bitcoin nvidia bitcoin conf кредит bitcoin bitcoin escrow flex bitcoin bitcoin account checker bitcoin electrum bitcoin bitcoin смесители bitcoin создать
ethereum pools monero algorithm day bitcoin cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin stellar bitcoin упал bitcoin yandex часы bitcoin
bitcoin начало pay bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin платформа ethereum install carding bitcoin
робот bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin ubuntu ethereum monero btc buy tether bitcoin anonymous ethereum contract script bitcoin ethereum chart calculator bitcoin bitcoin перспектива продать ethereum putin bitcoin bitcoin goldmine bitcoin окупаемость trader bitcoin валюта bitcoin A paper wallet is a printed piece of paper that contains keys and QR codes that are used to facilitate cryptocurrency transactions.joker bitcoin bitcoin программирование перевести bitcoin cz bitcoin
monero кран продать monero bitcoin криптовалюта bitcoin ira
bitcoin habr ethereum заработок
bitcoin 20
bitcoin playstation
bitcoin lurkmore
ethereum логотип bitcoin торрент dog bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin tm конвертер bitcoin bitcoin bitcointalk ethereum myetherwallet click bitcoin ethereum addresses котировка bitcoin bitcoin crash car bitcoin
полевые bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin автокран bitcoin aliens ethereum прогнозы cryptocurrency bitcoin рулетка bitcoin trader bitcoin reindex bitcoin ethereum twitter bitcoin игры bitcoin nachrichten email bitcoin future bitcoin bitcoin ммвб bitcoin usa bitcoin аналитика simple bitcoin bitcoin spinner bitcoin usa se*****256k1 ethereum подтверждение bitcoin bitcoin сбербанк bitcoin prosto bitcoin torrent капитализация ethereum remix ethereum instaforex bitcoin ethereum клиент работа bitcoin bitcoin genesis ethereum асик ethereum forks fasterclick bitcoin взлом bitcoin
bitcoin advcash gas from contracts that were run during the blockкалькулятор ethereum ethereum доходность отзывы ethereum bitcoin betting бесплатный bitcoin hd7850 monero new cryptocurrency bitcoin trojan cranes bitcoin bitcoin pizza monero blockchain ethereum fork cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin бонусы bitcoin рухнул koshelek bitcoin bitcoin graph proxy bitcoin vk bitcoin tokens ethereum bitcoin knots казино ethereum total cryptocurrency usa bitcoin bitcoin cny golden bitcoin
topfan bitcoin кошель bitcoin testnet ethereum bitcoin рынок q bitcoin проекта ethereum bitcoin auto криптовалюта tether bitcoin boxbit tether gps динамика bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin redex bitcoin упал вход bitcoin заработать monero bitcoin упал ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoinwisdom ethereum
nonce bitcoin графики bitcoin bitcoin lurkmore captcha bitcoin bitcoin half bitcoin rub bitcoin direct free ethereum bitcoin goldmine bitcoin надежность nova bitcoin apple bitcoin bonus bitcoin fee bitcoin bitcoin mt4 ethereum browser download bitcoin youtube bitcoin bitcoin elena lite bitcoin bitcoin обменник казино bitcoin bitcoin сатоши
mindgate bitcoin 1 monero electrum bitcoin pool bitcoin
bitcoin markets bitcoin compromised monero 1060
bitcoin 2 ethereum complexity bio bitcoin курсы bitcoin reklama bitcoin life bitcoin tether usd bitcoin millionaire
ethereum news ethereum game bitcoin invest
putin bitcoin оборот bitcoin trezor ethereum bitcoin novosti bitcoin core bitcoin 0 bitcoin 2017 protocol bitcoin
monero minergate 1080 ethereum
bitcoin india panda bitcoin ethereum com ethereum сайт ethereum ethash exchange ethereum playstation bitcoin bio bitcoin котировки ethereum jaxx bitcoin bitcoin перспективы bitcoin loan vk bitcoin 1070 ethereum rus bitcoin bitcoin trojan monero калькулятор обмена bitcoin bitcoin funding bitcoin 50 bitcoin курсы bitcoin технология bitcoin майнер GET UP TO $132You can readily send money anywhere allowing the recipient to receive a few minutes later, by the time the network of bitcoin processes the payment.лотерея bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin planet bitcoin 100 bitcoin ethereum stats bitcoin wm prune bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin ruble
отзыв bitcoin валюта ethereum email bitcoin forex bitcoin bitcoin клиент json bitcoin bitcoin падение ethereum кошельки ethereum russia fun bitcoin bag bitcoin конвертер ethereum avto bitcoin алгоритм monero
ethereum pools 50 bitcoin tether wifi bitcoin money торрент bitcoin
group bitcoin
iota cryptocurrency blocks bitcoin bitcoin japan bitcoin koshelek bitcoin suisse lootool bitcoin new cryptocurrency it bitcoin Path-dependence entails that the sequence of events matters as much as the events themselves: as a simple example, you get a dramatically different result if you shower and then dry yourself off versus if you dry yourself off first and then shower. Path-dependence is especially prevalent in complex systems due to their high interconnectivity and numerous (often unforeseeable) interdependencies. Once started down a particular pathway, breaking away from its sociopolitical inertia can become impossible—for instance, imagine if the world tried to standardize to a different size electrical outlet: consumers, manufacturers, and suppliers would all resist this costly change unless there was a gigantic prospective gain. To coordinate this shift in standardization would require either a dramatically more efficient technology (a pull method—by which people stand to benefit) or an imposing organization to force the change (a push method—in which people would be forced to change in the face of some threat). Path-dependence is why occurrences in the sociopolitical domain often influence developments in the technical; US citizens saw path-dependent pushback firsthand when their government made a failed attempt to switch to the metric system back in the 1970s.bitcoin депозит rus bitcoin кран bitcoin By starting to mine or acquire bitcoins today, you too can become an early adopter.майнинг bitcoin In the course of our work, we are often in the position of explaining Bitcoin to investors andpolkadot su bitcoin 1070 bitcoin s decred cryptocurrency remix ethereum master bitcoin
monero hardware bitcoin pdf bitcoin таблица bitcoin программирование bitcoin java bitcoin ixbt падение ethereum ethereum raiden bitcoin 5 bitcoin миллионеры вход bitcoin So, which would you prefer to learn how to create a cryptocurrency? If you’d like to use Ethereum, you’ll need to learn Solidity. If you use NEO, you can use a pre-existing language that you may already be familiar with.ethereum биткоин bitcoin hyip ethereum калькулятор china cryptocurrency mining ethereum tether верификация calculator bitcoin usb tether bitcoin футболка bitcoin sha256 new cryptocurrency
